Edat contemporània > Moviments artístics des de finals del s. XIX > Racionalisme arquitectònic / Moviment modern
Edat contemporània > Moviments artístics des de finals del s. XIX > Art de postguerra
Edat contemporània > Moviments artístics des de finals del s. XIX > Art del primer terç del s. XX
Edat contemporània > Feminisme
Grups per àmbit de dedicació
Governants > Polítiques
Activistes > Feministes (activistes)
Tecnòlogues > Arquitectes
Tecnòlogues > Dissenyadores d'objectes
Escriptores > Autobiògrafes
Context de creació femenina
We can link this architect to other women architects or designers who worked within the Bauhaus, such as Friedl Dicker (prototype of a multidisciplinary artist), Wera Meyer-Waldeck (whose designs encouraged a healthier and more participative life inside the home), Annemarie Wilke (author of projects characterised by the use of sloping roofs, with common materials and shapes), Lotte Beese (one of the first women to join the Bauhaus Department), Alma Buscher (for her innovative contributions to the design of children's furniture and toys), and Lilly Reich (hidden behind the figure of her husband Mies van der Rohe).
Ressenya
She designed the Frankfurt kitchen, a modular kitchen to allow efficient working and to be built at a low cost.
Justificacions
She designed the so-called Frankfurt kitchen (a modular kitchen).
This kitchen is considered the forerunner of modern kitchens, as it was the first to be thought of as part of a housing project, designed to allow efficient working and to be built at low cost.
Woman, Politic activist (comunist), architect and feminist
She traveled the world determined to improve people's lives by building social housing, nurseries and schools, always in defense of women's rights.
She develops post-war social housing, functional and dignified public centers, configuration of cities and educational infrastructure.
Pioneer of rational and humanized architecture
She has a great influence on the construction standardization work.
Biografia
Margarete was born into a wealthy, liberal family when Vienna was still part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. Her mother, who was connected to the art world, asked Gustav Klimt himself, a friend, to help her daughter enter the city's School of Applied Arts, where she fell in love with architecture as a way to change the world. Her teachers include Josef Hoffmann. But the first architect with whom she worked seriously after leaving the School was Adolf Loos, at the Vienna Housing Secretariat.
She started working during Red Vienna, a period between the end of World War I and the demise of the Austro-Hungarian Empire in 1919 and the arrival of National Socialism in the German government in 1933. It was a historic moment when the Social Democratic Party took power in the city and ordered the construction of 65,000 houses, many of them designed by Margarete, for the poorest people. That changed her outlook forever.
In 1926, however, Margarete decided to move to Frankfurt and was signed up by the town planner Ernst May. May had been asked to build a New Frankfurt through working class housing on the outskirts of the city.
Grete was in charge of designing the kitchens. She invented a kitchen that 100 years later is still the one we mostly use: modular, functional and efficient (being this last quality one of the keywords to define all her work), pre-installed in homes. In addition, it was full of tiles, so it could be cleaned better, in a blue-green colour that, according to research at the time, prevented flies. It also counted with practical aluminium food storage units, with beech worktops and concealed ironing boards.
A year later, in 1927, she married another of the architects of the Frankfurt redevelopment, Wilhelm Schütte, and they lived in one of the houses designed by them until 1932.
With the rise of Nazism, the recession forced one of the members of a married couple in which both worked to resign from their job. It was the wife who resigned almost in every case. That was their situation when May recruited them both for a new workers' housing project in the USSR. They went and lived there until the end of the 1930s, specifically until Stalin's power made them emigrate once again.
In the Soviet Union, Lihotzky was involved in planning kindergartens attached to houses, something she would do for the rest of her life, and travelled extensively in China and Japan.
In 1937, she left with her husband for Istanbul, where she lived comfortably as an architect for two years, until she met a colleague in the Austrian Resistance against Nazism, joined the Communist Party, and returned home to help defeat Hitler. Within days, she was imprisoned and sentenced to death, although her sentence was later commuted. She spent the 5 years of World War II in prison.
During the second half of the century, Grete was boycotted as an architect because of her political views and she hardly built any residential buildings in Bulgaria or Vienna. She was primarily involved in political activism and she founded the Democratic Women's Union together with Lina Loos in 1948 to demand such things as that housework should be considered a profession and that women should have paid leave to care for sick children. Professional recognition did not come to her until she was 100 years old.
- In 1926 she designed the Frankfurt kitchen for architect Ernst May's Römerstadt social housing complex in Frankfurt (Germany). Some 10,000 units were built in the late 1920s in Frankfurt.
Collaborator of the La Viena Roja urban project team together with Adolf Loos.
- 1925-1930 She is part of the design team for the “Neu Frankfurt” urban planning and social reform program, together with Ernst May, where 12,000 homes are built for different needs, including young couples or single women. An extensive catalog of standardization of elements for housing is also included.
-1926 Design of the "Frankfurt Kitchen" in different size variants.
Muxi, Zaida. “Margarete Shutte-Lihotzky 1897-2000”, 25/08/2022, en Un dia una arquitecta (en red <https://undiaunaarquitecta.wordpress.com/2015/04/16/margarete-schutte-lihotzky-1897-2000/>)
Henderson, Susan. “Margarete Schütte-Lihotzky (1897-2000)” 25/08/2022, en The Architectural Review (en red, <https://www.architectural-review.com/essays/reputations/margarete-schutte-lihotzky-1897-2000>)
- Art - You can work with this author in Technology, in the content block of Solving technological problems and technical communication. - Plastic and visual education - Design - Architecture
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